Bioinformatics
refers to an interdisciplinary approach to store, retrieve, organize
and analyze biological and genetic data. A major part of this field
comprises of the activity of developing software tools to generate
and process useful biological data.
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Bioinformatics is
not to be confused with biological computation. While bioinformatics
simply makes use of computers for the better understanding of biology
can its related concepts, biological computation refers to the
subfield of computer engineering that seeks to build biological
computers by using biology and bioengineering concepts.
Bioinformatics is,
however, much similar to computational biology, only the scale of
application and study differs - bioinformatics studies biological
data on a molecular scale with keen attention to details while
computational biology studies biological data by building large-scale
theoretical models of biological systems and studying them with an
abstract view to expand our knowledge about them.
Bioinformatics makes
use of various laws of computer science, engineering, applied math
and statistics to conceptualize biology in terms of bio-molecules
(RNAs, DNAs) and process the resulting data in various ways in
attempt to decode the code of life.
The use of computers
has made the process of reading complex biological data much faster
and efficient than before. Huge databases and information systems are
used to store and retrieve data; analytical algorithms in soft
computing, artificial intelligence, data mining, image processing,
etc. are used to analyze data; algorithms in turn depend on
theoretical principles of statistics, applied and discrete
mathematics, system theory and control theory. As such,
bioinformatics uses a good mix of many fundamental principles as well
as many applied theories and sciences to manage biological data.
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Aims of
bioinformatics
Bioinformatics has
threefold aims. Firstly, it manages data in such a manner that it
becomes quite easy for researchers to access existing data and submit
new data as they are produced. While data storage is an essential
task for data management, any kind of data is practically useless
unless it is analyzed. Thus, the purpose of bioinformatics is
extended further because of data analysis.
The second aim of
bioinformatics is to develop systems and tools to analyze data
properly. For instance, after having a particular protein sequenced,
it is necessary to compare it with a previously sequenced sample. To
do this, a program a lot more advanced than a simple text-based
comparator is required to understand the biological significance
between the differences as well as the similarities in the two
sequences studied. Bioinformatics aims at development of such complex
tools by using expertise in computational theory and biological
understanding.
The third aim of
bioinformatics is to analyze the biological data through the use of
complex mechanisms and convert the data in such a form that is
biologically meaningful. In traditional biological studies, examining
individual systems and comparison with only a few related fields was
possible. But Bioinformatics has allowed the global analysis and
comparison of data available from a variety of fields. Clearly,
developing methods to assess the differences between different
varieties of biomolecules and identifying similarities over a wide
range of dissimilar sources is an essential aspect of managing the
huge volumes of data and thus of bioinformatics.
Conclusion:
This field, which
was originally developed for the analysis of biological sequences,
has now grown to encompass a wide range of areas such as genomics,
gene expression, structural biology, etc.
Almost all studies
in bioinformatics underpin to two basic approaches. First is that of
comparing and grouping biological data according to biological
similarities and the second that of analyzing one type of data and
using the information thus obtained to infer the observations from
some other type of data.
These two approaches
in bioinformatics are reflected in the main aims of the field that
are storing, organizing and analyzing biological data with keen
attention to details on a molecular scale. This has allowed
bioinformatics in providing not only greater depth but also adding
the dimension of breadth to biological investigations.
This has essentially
provided us the opportunity to study individual systems in details
with the ones that are related to reveal the similar traits between
some systems and underline some unusual features, if any, which are
unique
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